生態建設計劃書翻譯-中英對照

目前我國生態環境建設管理體系不統一，政出多門、條塊分割、各行其是、多元領導現象突出，導致投資分散，責任不到位，形不成治理整體合力，有效治理不顯著。生態環境建設需要大量資金投入，近年來，我國生態建設的投入不斷增加，僅1998年到2002年，中國在環境保護和生態建設方面的投入高達5800億元，占同期國內生產總值的1.29％以上，是1950年到1997年47年投入總和的1.8倍，有力地支持了生態環境保護工作。但由于資金使用分散，形成國家一家投入、分流使用的局面，無法形成治理整體合力，無法保證大面積有效治理經費。由于某些決策和實踐缺乏系統科學的指導思想，生態建設沒有能夠鑒借當前國際上的綜合生態系統管理先進理念，沒有實現從單因子管理向多要素、全系統綜合管理的轉變，強調對區域、流域生態系統結構和功能的保護。部門化管理導致難以跨區域、跨工程從整體上把握生態環境建設，生態建設工程出現重疊和交叉，造成大量資金和人力的浪費；重建設、輕管理導致生態工程的成效和可持續性受到很大影響。
6、生態監管體制不和諧
我國已廣泛建立起了各部門、各級生態環境相關的管理機構。但是由于部門管理的行政分割性，不同的生態要素（如水、土地、森林、草原）被分割開來，甚至同一個生態要素又被分割成許多片。政策思想偏重部門利益，缺乏對生態問題的整體性認識，從而影響了生態管理的效率。同時，生態保護的監管機制不健全。生態保護相關法律、法規、政策、標準不完善。生態監管能力落后。大部分地區尚未開展生態保護現場執法工作，各地普遍存在經費緊張、交通工具不足、裝備落后等問題。生態保護科研力量有限，尤其是生態監測、預警等技術尚處于起步階段，信息不足，渠道不暢，難以為生態管理提供良好的支撐作用。
三、未來主要壓力
1、經濟增長對生態環境的壓力短期內難以緩解
由于起步較晚，當前我國正處于工業化、城鎮化加速發展的時期，資源能源的消費和需求量極大，經濟發展仍是高投入、高消耗、高排放、難循環、低效率的粗放性的增長方式，經濟增長對生態環境的壓力突出地表現為高速經濟增長與資源消耗、生態破壞、環境污染的同步性。
我國生態環境脆弱區占國土面積的60%以上。其中，水土流失面積占國土總面積37.1%，每年因水土流失損失土壤50億噸；90%的天然草原出現不同程度的退化，土地沙化每年以2460km2速度擴展；天然濕地大面積萎縮、消亡，其中海南、廣東、廣西的紅樹林濕地，在近20年內由5萬公頃下降到1.4萬公頃；90%城市地表水域受污染。中國人均耕地面積1.4畝，僅為世界平均水平的40%，但由于城市化、工業化耕地每年還在以高于每年1000萬畝的速度在遞減，并且受污染的耕地占了1／10以上比重。高速的經濟發展使生態環境承受巨大壓力，20世紀90年代以來，全國性或區域性生態災害、環境污染事件頻繁爆發。
由于經濟發展速度過猛，國內礦產資源遠遠不能滿足當前經濟發展的需要。中國礦產資源總采掘量達50億t，可人均占有量不足世界人均占有量的50%，但單位GDP能耗、物耗大大高于世界平均水平。2006年中國GDP達到了21600億美元，占世界GDP總量的5.5%左右，但能源消耗達到了24.6億萬噸標準煤，大約占世界能源消耗的15%左右。鋼材消費量達到了3.88億噸，大約占世界鋼材消耗的30%。水泥消耗了12.4億噸，大約占世界水泥消耗量的54%。隨著國民物質生活水平提高和經濟總量的擴大，各類資源消耗以后較長時間里還將保持較高增長趨勢。由于儲量有限，礦產品消費對進口的依賴程度繼續提高。石油達到45.2% ,鐵礦石55% ,銅金屬70% ,氧化鋁45%，鉀鹽77%。近年來，我國石油、鐵礦石、銅金屬等對進口的依賴程度呈逐年增加趨勢,尤其是石油和鐵礦石對進口的依賴程度增加更快。據預測,中國45種主要礦產的現有儲量,到2010年能夠保證需要的只有24種,到2020年能夠保證需要的僅有6種。
雖然我國國內生產總值年均增長速度仍將保持在7.5%的水平，但能源資源產出率極低。與國際先進水平比，中國大型鋼鐵企業噸鋼的可比能耗要高出15%，火電供電能耗要高20%，水泥的綜合能耗要高出23.6%。與國際先進水平相比，中國的工業部門每年多用能源約2.3億噸標準煤。中國并沒有擺脫先污染后治理的老路，已經存在著相當程度的環境透支。低效率必然伴隨著高消耗、高排放，高污染。傳統的產業結構升級調整不可能在短期內瞬間完成，粗放型的經濟發展方式仍將在一段時期內長期存在，經濟增長對資源環境的壓力短期內難移緩解。因此生態環境壓力逐年增大。
5. Integrity lack of ecological construction
At present, the ecological environment construction management system in China is not unified. Serious problems such as multiple governances, fragmentation, non-cooperation and multiple leaderships have led to scattered investment, not-in-place responsibility, no integrative resultant force for regulation and unobvious effective regulation. Construction of the ecological environment requires substantial capital investment and in recent years, China has made increasing investment in ecological construction. Only from 1998 to 2002, China invested as more as 580 billion yuan in environmental protection and ecological construction, which accounted for more than 1.29% of the GDP during the same period and was 1.8 times of the total investment of the 47 years from 1950 to 1997, effectively supporting the ecological and environmental protection work. Due to the separate use of funds, however, the situation of national investment but dispersed use can’t form an integrated resultant force for regulation and so can’t guarantee the funds for large area of effective regulation. As some decision-makings and practices lack of systematical and scientific guidelines, ecological construction has neither referenced the current international advanced concepts on the integrated management of ecosystem, nor achieved the change from a single-factor management to the multi-element and multi-system integrated management to stress protection on structure and function of regional and river-basin ecosystems. Sector management has led to difficulties in inter-region and inter-project controls of ecological environment construction from an overall view, so that overlapping and cross-cutting have happened to ecological construction projects, causing a lot of financial and human wastes; focusing on construction but ignoring management has led to large impacts on effectiveness and sustainability of ecological projects.
6. Disharmonious ecological regulation system
China has widely established related management organizations for different sectors and ecological environment at all levels. However, due to the administrative division of sector management, different ecological factors (such as water, land, forest and grassland) have been separated from each other, or even the same ecological factors have also been divided into many segments. Policy thoughts lay particular stress on sector interests and lack of overall understanding of ecological problems, thus affecting the efficiency of ecological management. Meanwhile, the regulation system of ecological protection is not sound; relevant laws, regulations, policies and standards on ecological protection are imperfect; ecological regulation capability is poor. Spot enforcement for ecological protection has not yet been carried out in most regions and problems such as fund lack, insufficient vehicles and poor equipment have occurred throughout the country. Scientific research forces for ecological protection are limited, especially the technologies like ecological monitoring and early warning are still in the initial stage and the information is insufficient and has poor channels, so it is difficult to provide a sound support to ecological management.
III. Main Pressures in the Future
1. The pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment can be released in a short term
At present, due to its late start, China is in the period of accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization; consumption and demand of resources and energy are extremely large; economic development is still in the extensive growth mode with high input, high consumption and high emission but low cycle and low efficiency; the pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment is especially manifested as the synchronization between high-speed economic growth and resources consumption, ecological destruction and environmental pollution.
The regions with fragile ecological environment cover more than 60% of the land area of China. The soil erosion area accounts for 37.1% of the total land area, with annual soil loss of 5 billion tons; 90% of the natural grassland has degraded in varying degrees, with annual land desertification rate of 2460 km2; annual wetland has shrunk and disappeared by a large area, for example, mangrove wetlands in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi have dropped from 50,000 hectares to 14,000 hectares over the past 20 years; 90% of urban surface waters has been polluted. China's per capita arable land area is 1.4 mu, only 40% of the world average level. Furthermore, the arable land is reduced at the rate of over 10 million mu every year due to urbanization and industrialization and the polluted farmland has accounted for above 1/10 of the total arable land. Rapid economic development has brought great pressure to ecological environment, so that national or regional ecological disasters and environmental pollutions have occurred frequently since the 1990s.
As a result of excessive speed of economic development, domestic mineral resources fall far short of current economic development needs. The mining of mineral resources in China has amounted to 5 billion tons, with a per capita share less than 50% of the world per capita level, but unit GDP energy consumption and material consumption are much higher than the world average levels. In 2006, China's GDP reached 2.16 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for around 5.5% of the total world GDP, but energy consumption got up to 24.6 trillion tons of standard coal, accounting for about 15% of the world energy consumption. Steel consumption reached 388 million tons, accounting for about 30% the world consumption, and cement consumption got up to 1.24 billion tons, accounting for about 54% of the world consumption. With the improvement of the national material living level and expansion of the overall economy size, consumption of various resources after will still maintain a higher growth trend for a longer time in future. Because of the limited reserves, the dependence degree of minerals consumption on imports continues to improve and the import ratios of oil, iron ore, copper metal, alumina and potassium salt have reached 45.2%, 55%, 70%, 45% and 77% respectively. In recent years, import dependence degree of oil, iron ore and copper metal in China has been increasing year by year, especially oil and iron ore. According to the forecast, among the 45 major minerals in China, only 24 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2010 and only 6 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2020.
 China’s GDP will remain at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%, but the output rate of energy resources is quite low. Compared with international advanced level, the comparable energy consumption of per ton steel in China’s major iron and steel enterprises is 15% higher, energy consumption of thermal power supply is 20% higher, and comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 23.6% higher. Compared with international advanced level, China’s industrial sectors consume about 230 million tons of standard coal more every year. China is not out to the old path of pollution first and control last so there is already a considerable degree of environmental overdraft. Low efficiency will inevitably accompanied by a high consumption, high emission and high pollution. The upgrade and adjustment of traditional industrial structure can not be completed in the near future; extensive mode of economic development will still exist in a certain period for a long time; the pressure from economic growth onto resource and environmental will not be released in a short term. Therefore, the pressure on ecological environment will increase year after year.

2013.4.14