心理學未來發展翻譯-中英對照

分享心理學：未來發展
本章集中討論了心理咨詢的理論和實踐，該領域積累了特定的理念體系和經驗。但是那些經過訓練的心理學家或者心理健康專家和在他們與人們的工作中一直有用到心理學的人，在他們之間實施分享心理學時，有成百種不同的方法。這些方法很多都是非正式的，并不簡單包括咨詢的概念，應用成熟和正式的過程。當我們接手咨詢工作時，需要考慮的框架是，心理學中最好的方法是更廣泛的分享。在本章開篇就指出，好的心理學的需要是很好的，普遍適用的，毫無疑問應該得到分享。過去心理學一直沒有很廣泛分享的一個原因是沒有存在一個指導分享過程的框架。所有，有心理學專業知識的專家對于這樣做心存憂慮，即分享并非他們專業角色的合法部分。本章觀點并不能及時轉化為分享過程的最有用指導。盡管如此，他們確實表達出一個有用的初始觀點，這是一個促進劑，促使更深入的理論研究、實踐和評估。
我們充滿信心的期待分享的快速和廣泛發展的這一年的來到。Gallessich（1982）指出，咨詢角色可能隨著時間得到很大發展，包括個體專家的職業生涯和特定專業的歷史。作為專業學科發展，咨詢可能發生非常偶然的含糊的專業角色定義延伸。隨時間發展，這樣的變化可能越來越頻繁，有必要借用其他領域的相關理論來更有效的實踐咨詢，在最開始了解咨詢者工作的組織可能會獲得更大的幫助。期間會有挫折和失望的階段，然而，以缺乏職業訓練儲備的實習生作為顧問，更多咨詢工作與理論無關，堅持傳統方法會綜合動力和阻力，帶動學科發展。Ketterer（1981）給出了相當多的證據，證明心理健康領域的咨詢和教育（C和E）并未超越這個階段。他描述了C和E在心理健康領域的邊緣地位，缺乏理論，沒有專業訓練，存在編制和其他約束。對20世紀70年代，美國社區心理健康中心的員工的活動的調查顯示，只有4%-6%的員工時間用于該項工作。在一個研究中，一般員工進行C和E活動時得到相關正式培訓，但是一半的案例接近于單個對話。在另外的研究中，沒有執行該類型工作的人得到了這些角色特定的專業培訓。
Gallessich預測專業知識的分支和實踐的發展的第三階段，特別是咨詢，大規模的引入其他領域的相關知識。可能導致基本學科的辨識不明確，甚至對于最初身份為顧問角色的畢業生培訓的發展。Ketterer（1981）也討論到專業C和E員工的出現與直接面對客戶提供服務延伸了其角色的通才對立。有人懷疑專家顧問的出現并不是Caplan所認可的，他明白的指出心理健康咨詢是“一種心理健康專家和其他專家交流的方法，并不代表一個新的專業，只是現有專家一個特定的工作方式”（1970, p.30）。很多人仍然會贊同他們的觀點，可靠的背景知識和在顧問被咨詢的領域內的多次實踐，是有效完成咨詢工作的先決條件。
Share psychology: future development
This chapter focuses on the theory and practice of psychological counseling, accumulated a certain idea system and experience in this field. But those trained psychologist or mental health professionals in their work are deal with people which have been useful to psychology, to implement share psychology between them. There are hundreds of different methods. Many are informal, these methods is not a simple including the concept of consulting, application of mature and formal process. When we take over consulting work, need to consider is, the framework of the best methods of psychology is more widely Shared. Pointed out in this chapter, the first that is a very good psychology needs, universal, there is no doubt that should be Shared. Psychology in the past have not been very widely Shared one of the reasons why there is not a direct share process framework. All, have a professional knowledge of psychology expert worries for doing this, the share is not a legitimate part of their professional roles. Timely transformation of views in this chapter is to share the most useful guidance process. In spite of this, they did express a useful initial point of view; this is a promoter, prompting further theoretical research, practice and evaluation.
We are full of confidence to share the rapid and extensive development this year. Gallessich (1982) pointed out that the consulting role may get great development over time, including individual career experts and specific professional history. As a professional discipline development, consulting may be very occasional vague professional role definitions. Development over time, such a change could become increasingly frequent, it is necessary to borrow from other related theory to more effective practice in the field of consulting, in the most began to understand the consultants work group will probably get more help. There will be setbacks and the down during the period of stage, however, to the lack of vocational training reserve as an adviser to the intern, more consultation work has nothing to do with theory, adhere to the traditional method will be comprehensive power and resistance, driving the development of discipline. Ketterer (1981) gives a considerable amount of evidence, proof in the field of mental health consultation and education (C and E) does not go beyond this stage. He describes the edge of the C and E in the field of mental health status, lack of theory, there is no professional training, preparation and other constraints. In the 1970 s, American community mental health center staff activities according to the survey, only 4% - 6% of the staff of time for the work. In one study, general staff C and E activities get relevant formal training, but close to half of the cases in a single conversation. In another study, did not perform this type of work to get the role of specific professional training.
 Gallessich forecast branch of the professional knowledge and practice of the third stage of development, consulting, in particular, in the field of large-scale introduction of other related knowledge. It shall be unclearly identification of basic disciplines, even for the original identity as a consultant role of the development of graduate training. Ketterer (1981) is also discussed to professional C and E the emergence of the employees and clients directly to extend its role of liberal opposition. Is suspected of expert advisers appear not Caplan recognizes, he understand points out that the mental health counseling is "a mental health experts and other methods of communication, does not represent a new major, just work existing experts in a specific way" (1970, p. 30). A lot of people will agree with their point of view, a reliable background knowledge and the consultant be consulting in the field of practice for many times, is the precondition of effective consulting work.

2017.7.23