定語從句譯法
定語從句是歷次試題翻譯部分必涉及到的。而且,還經常出現多重定語從句,一層修飾一層。
例如:
Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we
must be sure that the scale which we are comparing our subjects
provides a "valid" of "fair" comparison.
【結構分析】句中with which we are comparing our subjects 是定語從句,修飾限定the
scale。可譯為:"在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所使用的…"
【參考譯文】既然對智力的評估是比較而言的事,那么我們必須確保,在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所使用的尺度能提供"有效的"或"公平的"比較。
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as
only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social
science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
【結構分析】從機構上看,這是一個主句帶兩個由who引導的定語從句。盡管結構復雜、信息量大,但還是條理清晰的,因為句子結構環環相扣:前面who從句限定social
science historians。這個句子可以改寫成:It applies equally to traditional
historians and to social science historians. Traditional historians
(or the former) view history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources. Social science historians (or the latter)
equate their activity with specific techniques.
這樣表達的意思完全一樣,但表達方式卻很平淡、羅索。而從漢語的表達習慣來說,句子的修飾成分過多或過長往往會造成喧賓奪主、語言含混。如本句可照字面直譯。
【參考直譯】它同樣適用將歷史僅僅看作是對歷史材料來源的內部的和外部的批評的傳統歷史學家,和把歷史研究活動等同于具體研究方法的社會科學歷史學家。
這樣的譯文較忠實于原文,但讀者看起來卻很費勁。我們可以按漢語的習慣表達調整為:
【參考譯文】它同樣適用于傳統歷史學家和社會科學歷史學,傳統歷史學家(或前者)將歷史僅僅看作是對歷史材料來源的內部的和外部的批評;社會科學家歷史學(或后者)把歷史研究活動等同于具體的研究方法。
Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day
had occasion to
set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,
though differing in
degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the
causes of natural
phenomena.
【結構分析】本句結構較復雜。句中who has… had occasion to set in motion a complex
train of reasoning 限定前面的one;而 in the course of the day (一整天)是插入語,set
in motion a complex train of reasoning 有是倒裝的,順過來應該是set a complex
train of reasoning in motion; 后面of the very same kind
是后置定語,修飾reasoning;而the…same 又與后面的as that 從句中的as連接,其中,that是替代詞,指代前面的a
complex train of reasoning (思考活動);which
引導的定語從句修飾限定前面的替代詞that;句中的though differing in degree是插入語,其中degree
是指"(思想活動)復雜程度"。
【參考譯文】大概這里不會有人一整天都沒有機會進行一連串復雜的思考活動,這些思考活動與科學家在探索自然現象原因時所經歷的思考活動,盡管復雜程度不同,但在類型上是完全一樣的。
"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific
revolution, as we call
it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments that
expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
【結構分析】that引導的定語從句限定前面的三個名詞:improvement, invention 和use。特別要注意,of a
series of instruments 是后置定語,不僅僅限定use,還要管到improvement和invention。As we
call it 是插入語。
【參考譯文】新學派的一位領袖人物堅持說:"簡言之,我們所稱之的科學革命,主要是指一系列器具的改進,發明和使用,這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展的范圍無所不及。
In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell
the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their
shops or factories.
【結構分析】which指代前面的先行詞figures, lists and
information。可以將這個定語從句改譯成結果狀語從句,譯為"以便……."。
【參考譯文】在辦公室里,工作人員將各種數據、表格和信息加以匯編,以便讓經理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發生的情況。
It was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting
aluminum ore was found
which could lead to a cheap large-scale process.
【結構分析】這是一個強調句型,其中,which引導的是定語從句,which指代前面的a method of extracting
aluminum ore was found 這件事。也可以把這個定語從句譯為結果狀語從句。
【參考譯文】直到六十年前人們才找到并采鋁礦的方法,從而使低成本、大規模冶煉金屬鋁成為可能。
譯路通武漢漢口翻譯公司整理
2012.5.28