長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 《第二章 補足語》

             

            

             

             �牐犙a足語是英語語法中一個較復雜的語言現象，它表示了動詞通過一定媒介與各詞類之間的關系，如：動詞與動詞、動詞與分詞、動詞與名詞、動詞與形容詞、動詞與介詞、動詞與副詞的關系。在閱讀中補足語出現的頻率也很高，是閱讀中難點之一。

             (1)賓語補足語與主語補足語。

             �牐犜谟⒄Z中，某些及物動詞不僅需要賓語，而且還要求某個詞或詞組來補充說明賓語，即表示賓語代表的人或物所發出的動作或所處的狀態，這個詞或短語稱為賓語補足語。有些語法書把賓語和補足語稱為復合賓語。把帶有賓語補足語的句子改為被動語態，則原來的賓語和賓語補足語就相應變為主語和主語補足語。例如：

             I ask you to answer the question．(to answer the

             question說明賓語you，不定式為賓語補足語。)

             You are asked to answer the question．(to answer the

             question說明主語you，不定式為主語補足語。)

             (2)動詞不定式作補足語。

             1)帶to的動詞不定式：這類動詞有：advise，allow，ask，cause，compel，consider，en-

             able，encourage，expect，force，get，leave，order，permit，persuade，promise，request，re-

             quire，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，consider，believe，feel，find，image，know，say，suppose，think，report等用于被動態。seen，appear，happen，prove用于主動態。

             �牐犨@類詞可構成以下結構：

             �牐牐産e+-ed牛to be+名詞

             �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+形容詞

             �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+分詞

             �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+介詞短語

             2)不帶to的動詞不定式：表示視覺、聽覺和感覺的動詞，如：see，watch，find，observe，notice，hear，listen

             to，feel，此外還有let，have，make。這種動詞用于被動態時，還要帶to。

             �牐犐鲜龅囊曈X、聽覺和感覺動詞，外加smell和see可用現在分詞作賓語補足語。

             (3)名詞作補足語。

             �牐犨@類動名詞有：call，name，elect，appoint，nominate，christen，crown等，。

             (4)由朋引出的名詞作補足語。

             �牐犨@類動詞有：accept，classify，consider，define，describe，know，refer

             to，regard，state，take等。

             (5)介詞短語作補足語。

             �牐犨@類動詞有：get，keep，make，protect，stop，set，prevent，free，put等。

 

             補足語在句中分析與翻譯的實例

             1. A volt is the amount of electrical pressure required to cause a

             flow of 1 ampere of electricity through a conductor that has 1 ohm

             of resistance.

             �牐犑�1安培電流通過具有1歐姆電阻的導體所需的電壓量稱為1伏特。 (to

             cause．．．through．．，“使……通過……”。介詞短語through．。．resistance是賓語flow的補足語。)

             2. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this

             field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the

             lungs and cancer of the throad.

             �牐犨@個領域的大多數科學工作者認為，抽煙是造成肺癌和喉癌的一個重要因素。 (to be an important

             factor．．．是主語smoking的補足語。)

             3. It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is

             simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.

             �牐牨仨氈�重指出，電源只不過是使電流沿著電路流動的一種裝置。 (it是形式主語，代替that引出的主語從句。不定式短語to

             move．．．是賓語electricity的補足語。)

             4. Anyone who has seen a great locomotive pulling a long train

             realizes that heat can do work, for it is the heat from burning fuel

             that makes the locomotive run.

             �牐犎魏稳嗽诳吹骄薮蟮幕疖囶^牽引著一長列火車時，都會認識到是熱能做功，因為正是這種從燃燒的燃料中所產生的熱能使火車頭運動。(pulling．．．和run是locomotive的補足語。)

             5. The cost of photovoltaic electricity could drop enough to make

             solar cells competitive with conventional sources of electrical

             power by the mid-1990s.

             �牐牭�90年代中期，光電電力的成本將下降到足以使太陽能電池可與一般的電源相競爭的程度(competitive．．．power是賓語solar

             cells的補足語。)

             6. The author enumerates some of the factors which make it difficult

             for the sociologist to

             conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the

             physical sciences.

             �牐犠髡吡信e了某些主要原因，使社會科學家難于像他的自然科學家同事那樣以同樣的方式進行科學實驗。(difficult是形式賓語it的補足語，it代替帶有邏輯主體的不定式短語for．．．to

             conduct．．．)

             7. We might thus define chemical changes as those that result in the

             formation of new sub-

             stances and involve changes in the composition of the substance.

             �牐犚蚨�我們可以把能引起新物質的形成并能引起物質成分改變的那種變化定義為化學變化。(define

             sth．．．as．．，“把……定義為”。as those．．．為changes的賓語補足語。)

             8. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large

             quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them

             essential for certain highly specialized uses.

             �牐犫櫤外佭@樣一類材料并不大量存在，但它們具有非凡的特性，這使得它們成為某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。(essential

             for．．．uses是賓語them的補足語。them代替Materials。)

             9. Not only can temperature and light affect the conductivity, but

             also the addition of impurities to semiconductors will make it

             change greatly.

             �牐牪粌H溫度和光能夠影響其導電性，而且半導體中加一些雜質也會使導電性發生很大變化。(change是不帶to的不定式作賓語it的補足語，訌代替the

             conductivity。)

             10. The falling of an apple to the ground set Newton wondering why

             it moved towards the earth, and not upwards into the sky.

             �牐犔O果落到地上使牛頓感到奇怪，為什么蘋果向著地球運動而不飛向天空呢? (wondering ．．．sky是賓語Newton的補足語。)

             11. Scientists probing further and further into the secrets of

             nature find magnetism to be important everywhere, whether it be

             within the extremely small nucleus of an atom or in the vast

             distances of the astronomical universe.

             �牐犜诓粩嗌钊胩剿鞔笞匀坏膴W秘時，科學家們發現，不論是在微小的原子核內，還是在遙遠的宇宙天體中，磁力都是十分重要的。(to be

             important是賓語magnetism的補足語。)

             12. Water is considered to be of high quality and drinkable if it

             has no more than 500 parts minerals, or salts, per one million parts

             of water.

             �牐犎绻�水中所含礦物質或鹽分不超過5 0/000，那就被認為是高質量和可飲用的水。(to be of．．．

             drinkable是主語water的補足語。)

             13. Such problems have stumped researchers at Yale and other

             schools, as they try to get computers to perform simple language

             translations.

             �牐牣斠�魯大學和其他學校的研究人員試圖讓計算機作簡單的語言翻譯時，他們卻被這類問題難住了。(get sth．．。to

             do．．，“讓……做……”。to perform．．．是computers的賓語補足語。)

             14. We can see that, though we must keep as much dust as we can out

             of our houses, yet dust has a very important part to play in the

             work of nature.

             �牐犖覀兛梢钥吹剑�雖然我們的住房必須盡可能地防止灰塵，然而灰塵在自然界卻起著非常重要的作用。(out

             of．．．houses是dust的補足語。)

            15. Using the same idea - having a computer guide the laser beam' s

             path - makes it possible to create a new generation of machine tools

             for the industries and factories of the future.

             �牐犂�用同樣的設想，即讓計算機來控制激光束的光路，就有可能制成供今后工業部門和工廠使用的新一代機床。(不帶to的不定式短語guide．．．path用作賓語a

             computer的補足語。)

             16. When windmills were invented in the twelfth century, they had to

             be turned by hand to keep them pointing into the wind, in order to

             keep them working.

             �牐犜�12世紀發明風車時，為了保持運轉，必須用手轉動風車使之迎著風向。(keep+賓語+現在分詞，“保持……”，“使……繼續……”。現在分詞在這種結構中作賓語補足語，如本句中的pointing和working都是賓語補足語。）

 譯路通武漢翻譯公司整理

2012.6.13