日本國民養老金的發展、改革及其對中國的啟示-論文翻譯-中英對照
Development, reformation and inspiration of Japanese pension to China
1．研究目的
1. Research purpose
本人長期在大學從事老年社會保障的教學和研究工作，對于國外老年社會保障制度有十分濃厚的興趣，需要更多地學習國外的經驗，與國外學術界開展更多的交流，以便于提高科研和教學水平。
Having engaged in teaching and research of the social security for aged in the university for a long period, I am very interest to the system of social security for aged of foreign countries. It is required to study the experience of foreign country, and carry out more communication with the foreign academia, so as to improve scientific research and teaching level.
探討日本國民養老金制度的建立原因和發展過程、項目的設立、實際效果、出現的問題、目前改革的措施及其成效，是深化學術研究的需要。日本從上個世紀五六十年代開始建立國民養老保險制度，經過半個多世紀的發展，取得了較多的經驗和教訓。進入20世紀90年代，日本經濟持續低迷，導致用于養老的財政收入增長緩慢，加上人口迅速老化所帶來的養老金支出擴大，國民年金面臨著財務危機。日本政府開始改革養老金制度，包括降低養老金待遇，提高支付起始年齡，建立積累基金，擴大基金投資渠道等。養老金制度改革成為幾屆日本政府的面臨的重要任務，也成為學術界關注的一個焦點。
Study the reason for establishment, evolution process, establishment of project, actual effect, problem occurred, measure and effect of present reformation of the system of Japanese pension is the demand for deepening the academic research. Japan has begun to establish the national pension system for the aged in fifties and sixties. Having developed rapidly for about half a century, it has achieved many experiences and lessons. Entering 1990s, the economy stagnancy of Japan leads to the low growth in financial revenue for aged. In addition, the increasing pension expense due to the growing aging population leads the financial crisis of national annuity. The Japanese government begins to reform the pension system, including reduces the treatment of the pension, raises the initial age of payment, sets up accumulation funds and expands investment channel of funds, etc.. The reform of pension system becomes several important tasks faced by Japanese government as well as a focus to the academia circle.
本課題研究的另一個住要目的是為解決中國的老年社會保障問題尋找可供借鑒的措施。中國老年人口數量十分龐大，低收入老年人比重較大，市場經濟的快速發展導致使老年人與在職人員收入差距拉大，需要通過建立社會保障，通過學習國外的經驗來保護老年人的利益。
Another main purpose of the research of this subject is to search the measure suitable for solving the social security for the aged of China. China has a large number of aged populations. The old person with low-income constitutes a large portion. The rapid development of market economy leads the income gap between the old people and the on-the-job personnel become wider. It is required to establish the social security and learn the foreign experience to protect the interests of old person.
2．研究意義
2. Significance of research
為什么實行了半個世紀的日本國民養老金制度出現了危機，對其改革的原因和措施是什么，改革是否可以克服人口老齡化和資金不足的問題？改革過程中面臨的新問題、變革前景如何，未來的養老金模式應該是什么樣的？這些是現實的日本社會不斷提出和需要解決的問題，也是學術界需要回答的問題。
Why the system of Japanese pension which has implements for half a century has occurred the crisis; what are the reason and measure to its reform; whether or not this reform overcomes the problems of aging population and lacking of funds? How about the new problem and prospect of reform during reforming process; what the mode of the pension should be in the future? These are problems which Japanese societies constantly put forward and require to be solved at present, and it is also the question that the academia needs to be answered.
本課題研究將有利于探討日本國民養老金制度的改革方向。日本養老金出現財政危機有以下兩個方面原因：一是養老金征收基礎不斷弱化。首先，持續經濟衰退迫使大批中小企業破產和倒閉，失業人員數量增加，失業者因收入銳減交不起或拖欠養老保險費用。其次，養老金財務危機打擊了一些青年人、農民和個體工商戶加入養老保險的信心，他們不愿意加入國民年金計劃，拒絕交納養老金。2002年，農民和個體工商戶中未交納的比例接近40%，如果加上學生和保險費全額免除人員，實際上被保險者中約有半數沒有繳納保險費。再次，隨著生育下降，勞動年齡人口比例下降，繳費的基數不斷縮小。二是養老金支出不斷擴大。日本的人均預期壽命居全球之冠，目前達到80歲以上，到2050年將提高到88歲。人均預期壽命延長之后，老年人口及其高齡人口比例不斷增加。1990年，80歲以上的高齡人口占老年人口比例為20%，2000年上升到22.4%，2020年將上升到32.4%，2030年進一步上升到42.4%。人口老齡化和高齡化不僅使養老金支出規模不斷擴大，而且導致支出的時間延長。目前日本養老支出超過了財政預算50%左右，養老金收入和支出不平衡，迫使日本政府只好采取提高繳納比例等措施來轉嫁財政負擔。據估計，如果不對先行的養老體制進行改革，到2015年之后日本養老金賬戶將出現嚴重的危機。針對這些問題，從學術上開展深入的研究，及時提出切實可行的解決對策，有利于緩解當前及今后嚴重的養老金危機。
The research of this subject will help to explore the reform direction of the system of Japanese pension. The reasons of the financial crisis of the Japanese pension have the following two aspects: First, the foundation of pension collecting is being weakened constantly. First of all, the continuing economic recession leads the bankrupt of large number of small and medium-sized enterprises. The quantity of unemployed person is increasing as well. The jobless pay less or in arrears with the insurance premium of pension due to the decreasing of income. Secondly, the financial crisis of weaken the confidence of the young people, peasant and self-employed entrepreneur to join the insurance of the aging pension. They are reluctant to join the plan of national annuity and refuse to pay the pension. In 2002, the proportion of the peasant and self-employed entrepreneur that fail to pay the pension premium is about 40%. Adding the proportion of students and insurance premium exempted personnel, in fact, nearly half of insured person have not paid the insurance premium. Moreover, with the declining rate of breeding and working-aged population, the base fee is reduced as well. Second, the pension expenditure is expanding constantly. The average life expectancy of Japanese is the longest one in the world, which reaches 80 at present and will raise to 88 years old by 2050. After the average life expectancy is prolonged, the old population and proportions of aged are increasing constantly. In 1990, the population of aged personnel above 80 years old shall account 20%. It rose to 22.4% in 2000. It will rise to 32.4% in 2020 and rise to 42.4% further in 2030. Aging population and aged population will not only constantly expend the pension expenditure, but also prolong the expenditure process. In present, the Japanese pension expenditure has exceeded 50% of financial budget. The unbalance of pension receipts and expenditures urges the Japanese government to take relevant measures for improving the proportion of paying etc. to shift the financial burden. It is estimated, if they do not carry out the reform to the previous pension system, the serious crisis will appear in the Japanese pension account by 2015. In order to solve these problems, the promotion of deepening research in academy and putting forward the feasible settlement countermeasure in time shall help to alleviate the serious pension crisis at present and in the future.
中國也需要從日本的國民養老金制度及其改革中吸取有益的經驗。中國目前正在經歷快速的市場經濟發展過程，同時也在經歷快速的人口老齡化，老年人口增長十分迅速，現在中國60歲以上老年人口已經達到1.5億。在這個數量龐大的老年人口中，大部分生活在農村并處于低收入狀態，需要政府給與更多的幫助。日本的國民養老金制度及其改革經驗教訓，對于解決中國大量沒有固定收入和低收入老年人的社會保障需求，有重要的參考價值。
China is also required to draw the advance experience from national pension system and its reform of Japanese. China is undergoing the fast market economy evolution at present and is also undergoing the fast aging population at the same time. The populations of aging people increase very fast. Now the aged population over 60 years old in China has already up to 150 million. Of these huge number of aged population, the majority of them lives in the countryside with low income, which need more helps of government. National pension system and reforming experience and lessons of Japan have an important reference for solving the demand of social security of large number of aging person without fixed income and low income in China.
在這個研究領域，有過一些相關的研究成果，但是對于中國的學術界缺乏對于發達國家的國民養老金制度的研究，而且以往的研究，即使在日本，多是提出和分析問題的較多，對于解決措施的研究比較缺乏。同時還應該看到，學術界對于日本國民養老金制度能夠給中國提供借鑒價值的研究更為缺乏。因此，需要在這個領域開展新的更加深入的研究。
In this research field, there were some relevant research results, however, as for the research academia of China, it lack the study of the national pension system of developed country. And the past research, even in Japan, most of those are putting forward and analyzing the problems and it lack the research of solving measure. At the same time we should also see, the academia lack research the reference brought by the reform of Japanese pension system. Therefore, it is required to carry out new and deepening research in this field.
本課題將開展以下幾個方面的研究：（1）日本國民養老金制度建立的歷史、發展過程；（2）日本國民養老金制度的項目內容、實施效果和目前存在的問題；（3）日本國民養老金的需求、資金供給的未來變化趨勢及可預見的問題；（4）針對日本國民養老金問題的對策建議；（5）日本國民養老金制度發展和改革的經驗教訓及其對中國的啟示，中國建立國民養老金制度的計劃設計及其實施建議。
This subject research may include the following several aspects: (1) The history and evolution process the system of national pension of Japan; (2) Project content, implementing effect and existing problem at present of the system of national pension of Japan;  (3) Demand and future variation tendency of fund supply and foreseeable problems of national pension of Japan;  (4) The countermeasure and suggestion of the problems of national pension of Japan;  (5) the experience and lessons of the development and reform and enlightenment of national pension system of Japan to China, and the plan and the implementing suggestion for China to set up the system of national pension.
研究方法：
Research approach:
本研究以文獻研究和已發表的數據資料研究為主，配合專家訪談的方法。關于中文的研究文獻，過去已經出版了一些相關的文獻。本研究將利用中國人民大學圖書館、中國社會科學院、北京圖書館的相關文獻；本課題組成員能夠運用英文、日文、中文等語言查閱文獻。本課題還將充分利用互聯網的文獻和數據資源，將利用中國的期刊網，利用日本厚生省、日本總務省統計局的數據資料，將訪問日本各相關研究機構（包括民間研究機構）的網站，利用其發表的文獻和資料開展研究。
This research mainly includes the data materials of documents research and published materials, and cooperates with recommended method from the interview of experts. As for the research documents of Chinese, some relevant documents had already published in the past. This research will utilize relevant documents of library of the People's University of China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Beijing Library; the members of this seminar may read these documents in English, Japanese and Chinese, etc. This subject will also fully utilize documents of Internet and data resource. It will utilize the data materials of periodical network of China, Welfare in Japan, statistics bureau of general affairs province of Japan, websites of relevant research institution of Japan (includes the folk research institution) and utilize the published document and materials for research.
除了文獻研究，本課題還將開展專家訪談，將訪問中國社會科學院、中國人民大學、北京大學等重要研究機構以及日本來華的專家，獲得權威專家的研究觀點，從而完成本課題的研究任務。
Except the research documents, this subject will also hold the interview of experts. And visit the expert of important research institutions, such as Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the People's University of China, Beijing University, etc. and experts from Japan, so as to obtain the research view point of authoritative experts and finish the research task of this subject.
描述性研究和探索性研究也將是本項目的特點。本課題將運用獲得的數據資料開展描述性的研究，搞清楚日本國民養老金的歷史和現狀，并運用定性的探索研究方法分析原因及其后果，提出對策性的政策建議。
The characteristics of this project also include the descriptive research and exploratory research. This subject shall utilizes the obtained data materials to carry out the descriptive research, understand the clear insight of the history and current situation of Japanese pension, and use the qualitative exploration research approach to analyze its reason and consequence, and propose the recommendations of countermeasure policy.
預期研究成果
Anticipated research results
階段性成果：在國內有影響的學術刊物上發表1—2篇學術論文，作為中期研究成果
Phase achievement: Publish 1- 2 scientific papers on the domestic influential academic publication as the research results of middle period
最終成果：完成最終研究報告，提供給日本住友集團基金會The Sumitomo Foundation，在基金會允許的情況下提供給本人所在單位科研管理部門和本國政府社會保障部；通過相關的國內外學術研討會交流和宣傳本研究成果。
 Final achievement: Finish the final research report and submit to the Sumitomo Foundation. And offer to the scientific research administrative department of author’s unit and social security department of government with the approval of foundation; exchange and publicize the research results through the relevant domestic and international scientific seminar.

2012.10.28