石棉、污染和其它危險論文翻譯-中英對照
Asbestos, Pollution, and Other Hazards
石棉、污染和其它危險
General APH Discussion
關于APH 的一般討論
A number of Fairfax’s subsidiaries wrote general liability policies and reinsurance prior to their acquisition by Fairfax under which policyholders continue to present asbestos-related injury claims, claims alleging injury, damage or clean up costs arising from environmental pollution, and other health hazard or mass tort (collectively “APH”) claims. The vast majority of these claims are presented under policies written many years ago.
在Fairfax公司的保險客戶不斷的提出石棉有關環境污染、其它對人體健康和對大眾造成侵權(統稱為APH)的傷害索賠、傷害索賠聲明、損失索賠以及索賠澄清的情況下，許多Fairfax的子公司都制定了一般責任政策和再保險政策，這些政策必須事先獲得費爾公司批準。這些索賠大多數在原先的政策中都有相關描述。
There is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding these types of claims, which impacts the ability of insurers and reinsurers to estimate the ultimate amount of unpaid claims and related settle¬ment expenses. The majority of these claims differ from most other types of claim because there is, across the country, inconsistent precedent, if any at all, to determine what, if any, coverage exists or which, if any, policy years and insurers/reinsurers may be liable. These uncertainties are exacerbated by judicial and legislative interpretations of coverage that in some cases have eroded the clear and express intent of the parties to the insurance contracts, and in others have expanded theories of liability. The insurance industry as a whole is engaged in extensive litigation over these coverage and liability issues and is thus confronted with continuing uncertainty in its efforts to quantify APH exposures. Conventional actuarial reserving tech¬niques cannot be used to estimate the ultimate cost of such claims, due to inadequate loss development patterns and inconsistent and yet-emerging legal doctrine.
這些索賠依然存在有許多不確定因素，這些因素可以影響到保險公司和再保險人對未付賠款和有關的清償費用的評估結果。大多數這類索賠不同于其他大多數索賠，因為，在整個國家范圍內，確實存在有不一致的先例（如果有），確定（如果有）承保范圍是否包括、保險單年度和保險公司/再保險人是否對此承擔責任。這些不確定因素使承保范圍在司法和立法解釋闡述變得更加困難，在某些情況下，對保險合約中當事人的目的無法清楚正確的表達，卻擴大了其它方的責任。總的來說保險業是從事對承保范圍和責任事宜廣義上的訴訟，面對不確定因素，確定APH的數量。傳統的保險統計方式不能用于評估這些索賠的最終費用。其原因是由于發展方式不足和不一致以及新興合法條文的限制。
Following is an analysis of Fairfax’s gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from APH exposures at year-end 2007, 2006, and 2005 and the movement in gross and net reserves for those years:
以下對Fairfax的損失準備金總額和凈損失準備金，以及在2007年、2006年和2005年年底APHA曝光點的LAE準備金，以及近年原損失準備金和凈損失準備金的波動：
2007 2006 2005
Runoff Companies Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at January 1 1,153.2 333.2 1,286.5 366.7 1,447.0 377.1
APH losses and ALAE incurred during the year 0.8 (6.5) 10.3 7.0 109.1 44.7
APH losses and ALAE paid during the year 115.0 21.5 143.6 40.5 269.6 55.1
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at December 31
Operating Companies 1,039.0 305.2 1,153.2 333.2 1,286.5 366.7
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at January 1 853.8 659.2 848.7 674.8 871.1 673.5
APH losses and ALAE incurred during the year 164.2 132.0 113.5 74.2 106.7 93.4
APH losses and ALAE paid during the year 125.0 91.6 108.4 89.8 129.1 92.1
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at December 31
Fairfax Total 893.0 699.6 853.8 659.2 848.7 674.8
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at January 1 2,007.0 992.4 2,135.2 1,041.5 2,318.1 1,050.6
APH losses and ALAE incurred during the year 165.0 125.5 123.8 81.2 215.8 138.1
APH losses and ALAE paid during the year 240.0 113.1 252.0 130.3 398.7 147.2
Provision for APH claims and ALAE at December 31 1,932.0 1,004.8 2,007.0 992.4 2,135.2 1,041.5
2007 2006 2005
Runoff公司 總數 凈值 總數 凈值 總數 凈值
截止1月1日APH預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 1,153.2 333.2 1,286.5 366.7 1,447.0 377.1
全年APH損失和產生的直接理賠費用 0.8 (6.5) 10.3 7.0 109.1 44.7
全年APH和支付的直接理賠費用 115.0 21.5 143.6 40.5 269.6 55.1
截止12月31日的APH預提理賠款索賠和直接理賠費用
經營公司 1,039.0 305.2 1,153.2 333.2 1,286.5 366.7
截止1月1日的APH預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 853.8 659.2 848.7 674.8 871.1 673.5
全年APH損失和產生的直接理賠費用 164.2 132.0 113.5 74.2 106.7 93.4
全年APH損失和支付的直接理賠費用 125.0 91.6 108.4 89.8 129.1 92.1
截止12月31日APH的預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
Fairfax總公司 893.0 699.6 853.8 659.2 848.7 674.8
截止1月1日APH預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 2,007.0 992.4 2,135.2 1,041.5 2,318.1 1,050.6
全年APH損失和直接理賠費用索賠 165.0 125.5 123.8 81.2 215.8 138.1
全年APH損失和支付的直接理賠費用 240.0 113.1 252.0 130.3 398.7 147.2
截止12月31日的APH預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 1,932.0 1,004.8 2,007.0 992.4 2,135.2 1,041.5
Asbestos Claim Discussion
石棉索賠討論
As a result of tort reform, both legislative and judicial, the landscape of asbestos litigation is changing in the U.S. While U.S. federal legislation has stalled, many states (Mississippi, Texas, and Ohio, for example) have enacted local tort reform serving to restrict the volume of filings, increase plaintiffs’ burden of demonstrating an injury, and provide seriously injured plaintiffs with preferential treatment on the docket.
由于在司法和立法上，對侵權行為定義的變更，在美國，石棉訴訟的情況正在發生變化。美國聯邦的許多立法規定已經過時，很多國家(例如密西西比、得克薩斯和俄亥俄) 都制定了適用的本地侵權行變更方案，用來限制文檔的數量，增加起訴人提交證明文件的數量，并且在議程上，為嚴重傷害的原告提供優先治療。
Also, within the past two years, the doctors and screening companies that diagnosed large numbers of unimpaired asbestos plaintiffs have come under scrutiny. Some key participants are under investigation by government authorities and/or have had their medical licenses challenged.
此外，在過去兩年中，許多專業醫生和審查公司對許多未受傷害的石棉原告的公司進行仔細的審查。許多重要的當事人正在接受政府部門的調查，并且考慮是否對他們授予醫學許可證。
The result has been a dramatic decrease in the past year in the number of unimpaired plaintiffs filing claims. The majority of claims now being filed are mesothelioma, lung cancer, or impaired asbestosis cases. This reduction in new filings has allowed the defense bar to focus on individual cases, and has resulted in more trials and verdicts.
結果是，在去年許多受損傷原告的索賠文件的數量急劇減少。現在正式提交的多數索賠是間皮瘤、肺癌和石棉肺病例。新提交文件的減少已經可以允許辯護方將精力集中于個別的案件，導致了更多的審訊和裁決。
We are aware of twenty-four mesothelioma trials concluded in the U.S. in 2007: (a) fourteen plaintiffs’ verdicts (58%), (b) seven defense verdicts (29%), and (c) three hung juries/mistrials (13%). The range of plaintiffs’ verdicts was $0.7 to $35.0 and the average was $9.9. Depending upon applicable law, the defendant(s) remaining at the conclusion of the trial are not necessarily responsible for 100% of the verdict.
我們知道，2007年在美國已經發生有24起石棉案件：(a)14起訴訟人裁決(58%)，(b)7起辯護裁決(29%)，以及(c)3起懸而不決的陪審團/無效審判(13%)。起訴訟人裁決的范圍是0.7美元至35.0 美元，平均9.9 美元。根據相關的法律，在審訊結束時，被告(s)不一定對裁決負100%的責任。
California continues to be the most active and challenging venue for defendants. Seventeen out of the twenty-four known mesothelioma trials in 2007 occurred in California, and were pros¬ecuted by two very experienced law firms that recruit and file claims exclusively on behalf of terminally ill individuals.
加利福尼亞還是被告投訴重點區域。在2007年，24知名的石棉肺案例中的有17起發生在加利福尼亞，被2個知名的法律公司代表個人提交相關文件進行起訴。
As a result of these trends, the asbestos claims industry is shifting toward a focus on single cases with significant injury, rather than a large volume of cases with little, if any, injury.
根據這些趨勢，石棉工業的索賠正向集中于單個案件轉向到顯著的傷害案件，而不是所有不明顯的病例，如果有的話，包括傷害案件。
On the negative side, the loss of revenue to the plaintiffs’ bar due to the decrease in filings, combined with increased scrutiny on individual cases, has resulted in an increase in plaintiffs’ settlement demands and an increased likelihood of trial. The risk of taking a seriously injured asbestos plaintiff to verdict continues to be significant.
從負面因素上來說，由于索賠文件減少造成訴訟人方的收入減少，連同個別案件審查數量的增加，導致訴訟人結算的增加和案件增加。訴訟人遭受石棉嚴重受傷的危險是十分明顯的。
Following is an analysis of Fairfax’s gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from asbestos exposures at year-end 2007, 2006, and 2005 and the movement in gross and net reserves for those years:
以下表格顯示2007, 2006和2005年Fairfax公司曝光點的石棉數量，以及這些年總量和凈值分析:
2007 2006 2005
Runoff Companies Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 729.8 219.0 857.4 248.6 962.9 251.2
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 6.2 (8.7) (22.9) (3.6) 105.1 39.7
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 80.6 10.4 104.7 26.0 210.6 42.2
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
Operating Companies 655.4 199.9 729.8 219.0 857.4 248.6
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 713.1 537.2 701.7 545.8 724.4 538.1
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 117.0 87.3 100.7 63.3 83.9 75.9
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 99.4 68.5 89.3 71.9 106.6 68.2
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
Fairfax Total 730.7 556.0 713.1 537.2 701.7 545.8
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 1,442.9 756.2 1,559.1 794.4 1,687.3 789.3
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 123.2 78.6 77.8 59.7 189.0 115.6
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 180.0 78.9 194.0 97.9 317.2 110.4
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31 1,386.1 755.9 1,442.9 756.2 1,559.1 794.4
2007 2006 2005
Runoff公司 總 網 總 網 總 網
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 729.8 219.0 857.4 248.6 962.9 251.2
全年石棉和直接理賠費用損失 6.2 (8.7) (22.9) (3.6) 105.1 39.7
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 80.6 10.4 104.7 26.0 210.6 42.2
截止12月31日石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
經營公司 655.4 199.9 729.8 219.0 857.4 248.6
截止1月1日石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 713.1 537.2 701.7 545.8 724.4 538.1
全年石棉損失和直接理賠費用出現 117.0 87.3 100.7 63.3 83.9 75.9
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 99.4 68.5 89.3 71.9 106.6 68.2
截止12月31日石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
Fairfax總公司 730.7 556.0 713.1 537.2 701.7 545.8
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 1,442.9 756.2 1,559.1 794.4 1,687.3 789.3
全年石棉損失和直接理賠費用出現 123.2 78.6 77.8 59.7 189.0 115.6
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 180.0 78.9 194.0 97.9 317.2 110.4
截止12月31日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 1,386.1 755.9 1,442.9 756.2 1,559.1 794.4
Following is an analysis of Fairfax’s U.S.-based subsidiaries’ gross and net loss and ALAE reserves for asbestos exposures at year-end 2007, 2006, and 2005 and the movement in gross and net reserves for those years (throughout this section, in the interests of clarity, TIG and IIC are presented separately, notwithstanding their merger in December, 2002):
以下表格顯示了2007, 2006和2005年Fairfax公司曝光點的石棉數量， 以及這些年的總量和凈值分析:
(在這個部分，為了表述清楚，分別列舉了TIG 和IIC公司，這兩個公司在2002年12月已經合并)
2007 2006 2005
IIC Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 512.0 114.5 592.8 124.1 687.5 130.0
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 9.7 (9.6) (0.8) 0.9 58.4 (2.3)
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 65.1 6.8 80.0 10.5 153.1 3.6
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
Crum & Forster 456.6 98.1 512.0 114.5 592.8 124.1
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 404.4 348.2 426.9 376.7 482.2 408.8
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 31.1 24.3 38.2 22.7 29.7 31.5
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 44.0 38.9 60.7 51.2 85.0 63.6
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
OdysseyRe(1) 391.5 333.6 404.4 348.2 426.9 376.7
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 308.7 189.0 274.8 169.1 242.2 129.3
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 85.9 63.0 62.5 40.6 54.2 44.4
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 55.4 29.6 28.6 20.7 21.6 4.6
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
TIG 339.2 222.4 308.7 189.0 274.8 169.1
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 81.6 8.4 94.7 11.5 97.7 8.5
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 0.0 0.0 (4.6) 2.1 1.4 5.1
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 7.6 3.7 8.5 5.2 4.4 2.1
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31
Ranger 74.0 4.7 81.6 8.4 94.7 11.5
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at January 1 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.4
Asbestos losses and ALAE incurred during the year 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.4 (0.3) (0.3)
Asbestos losses and ALAE paid during the year 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Provision for asbestos claims and ALAE at December 31 2.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.1
IIC
2007 2006 2005
總 網 總 網 總 網
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 512.0 114.5 592.8 124.1 687.5 130.0
全年石棉損失和發生的直接理賠費用 9.7 (9.6) (0.8) 0.9 58.4 (2.3)
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 65.1 6.8 80.0 10.5 153.1 3.6
截止12月31日石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
克拉姆和福斯特公司 456.6 98.1 512.0 114.5 592.8 124.1
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 404.4 348.2 426.9 376.7 482.2 408.8
全年石棉損失和發生的直接理賠費用 31.1 24.3 38.2 22.7 29.7 31.5
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 44.0 38.9 60.7 51.2 85.0 63.6
截止12月31日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
OdysseyRe ( 1 ) 391.5 333.6 404.4 348.2 426.9 376.7
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 308.7 189.0 274.8 169.1 242.2 129.3
全年石棉損失和發生的直接理賠費用 85.9 63.0 62.5 40.6 54.2 44.4
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 55.4 29.6 28.6 20.7 21.6 4.6
截止12月31日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
TIG 339.2 222.4 308.7 189.0 274.8 169.1
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 81.6 8.4 94.7 11.5 97.7 8.5
全年石棉損失和發生的直接理賠費用 0.0 0.0 (4.6) 2.1 1.4 5.1
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 7.6 3.7 8.5 5.2 4.4 2.1
截止12月31日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用
漫游者 74.0 4.7 81.6 8.4 94.7 11.5
截止1月1日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.4
全年石棉損失和發生的直接理賠費用 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.4 (0.3) (0.3)
全年石棉損失和支付的直接理賠費用 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
截止12月31日的石棉預提理賠款和直接理賠費用 2.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.1
(1) Net reserves presented for OdysseyRe exclude cessions under a stop loss agreement with nSpire Re, which was commuted in 2006. In its financial statements OdysseyRe reports reserves net of this agreement.
(1) OdysseyRe的準備金凈值不包括nSpire Re提出的損失限額協議的范圍內，該協議于2006年發布。在財務報表中，OdysseyRe報告了該協議的準備金凈值。
The policyholders with the most significant asbestos exposure are traditional defendants who manufactured, distributed or installed asbestos products on a nationwide basis. IIC, which underwrote insurance generally for Fortune 500 type risks between 1971 and 1986 with mostly high layer excess liability coverages (as opposed to primary or umbrella policies), is exposed to these risks and has the bulk of the direct asbestos exposure within Fairfax. While these insureds are relatively small in number, asbestos exposures for such entities have increased over the past decade due to the rising volume of claims, the erosion of underlying limits, and the bankruptcies of target defendants. As reflected above, these direct liabilities are very highly reinsured.
在傳統被告中描述、分配或者設置的明顯石棉曝光點是一個全國范圍的概念。 IIC，承保1971到1986的500種類型，主要適用于高端客戶的承保范圍；(通常與主要責任保險的或者總括責任保險相反)，在Fairfax公司內直接公開危害大部分石棉領域的暴露點。當時這些投保人的數目相對較少，由于索賠數額的提高、潛在限制的威脅以及目標辯護人破產的原因，在這些企業中曝光點的石棉已經在過去十年有所增加。如上所述，這些直接責任都有很高的再保險率。
rrect formation and closing.
2012.11.17